(2010). Raasch, C. C., and Zajac, F. E. (1999). 525, 549–564. 84, 308–319. Responses to a forward and leftward perturbation of the support surface during each condition are shown. Typically, to ensure that the results are physiologically interpretable, several different criteria must be achieved. (2010). endobj 109, 31–45. In perturbation responses during slow walking, 4.9 ± 0.7 muscle synergies (range 4–6) were sufficient to explain the same amount of variability. application/pdf Through flexible combinations of postural synergies, a repertoire of postural behaviors is produced. Rodriguez, K. L., Roemmich, R. T., Cam, B., Fregly, B. J., and Hass, C. J. Proc. Scand. Muscle synergies used in walking perturbation responses that were not used in standing perturbation responses were recruited for (A) leftward or (B) rightward perturbation directions, shown for two different subjects. Therefore, muscle synergies may form a modular repertoire of actions that is specific to any given motor task, but recruited by a variety of neural pathways governing different motor behaviors. Exp. Decoding M1 neurons during multiple finger movements. J. Neurosci. Contributions of the motor cortex to the control of the hindlimbs during locomotion in the cat. Frailty and Injuries: cooperative Studies on Intervention Techniques. 165, 323–346. Dietz, V., and Duysens, J. Brain Res. Shinya, M., and Oda, S. (2010).
I. Muscle synergies during gait were retrospectively analyzed for 633 individuals (age range 3.9–70y): 549 with CP (hemiplegia, n=122; diplegia, n=266; triplegia, n=73; quadriplegia, n=88) and 84 unimpaired individuals.

IEEE Trans. H��W�r�8}�W�1�ek$��oI_'�����N��lm�2c�#�Jr�|��7�� i8 ���s��Ο�~���o�����H���Y����y�A���;��� c�I��_|��0�ۍ��>���x�N��ieI >��T�5~?l�yCod�d��wV�yu0B��e�6t��v���~U��,�?.� "��ۋ'Z \�o��������D_0 �8��/��a�~a�Q�� I���c��yQ�[FQ)�?b�e��Ũ,K���%|��w=��R���$y��_\_.P���E���[yhװ�w�3�GYP�ab�~�h����[��nl��skTl�r��_�����P��O�ڮ�����"(-�Z�;p=mP�bC[��3>��������e�x�x�����v�z�pjaZ��k ��ڼ���F�����ysz�$B�#t�p�:����N���>���-��-���� However, it is likely that the fixed temporal patterns for locomotor rhythm generation recruit spatially-fixed muscle activation patterns, such as the muscle synergies identified here. 97, 3639–3650. Locomotion in vertebrates: central mechanisms and reflex interaction. J. Biomech. Coordination of locomotion with voluntary movements in humans. One strength of the muscle synergy analysis is that the number of independent motor command signals is not affected by crosstalk in EMG signals, however, crosstalk will alter the apparent composition of muscle synergies extracted. 57, 212–221. As long-latency response to perturbations are modified with task-level goals during posture and movement, it is likely that common mechanisms govern reactive balance responses in standing and walking. Gentner, R., and Classen, J. Postural muscles were operationally defined as muscles activated prior to the onset of EMG activity in the focal muscle (ie, the right RF). To compare muscle activity during directional balance control, we imposed twelve directions of support-surface perturbations during standing and walking at self-selected and slow speeds. Curr. endobj 218, 341–359. Intrinsic electrical properties of spinal motoneurons vary with joint angle. Pozzo, T., Berthoz, A., and Lefort, L. (1990). Muscle synergies that appear to be specific to walking perturbations were similar to a previously identified muscle synergy in perturbations during standing on one leg (Torres-Oviedo and Ting, 2010). <>stream [Epub ahead of print].

Gait Posture 16, 238–248. Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization. van Der Linden, M. H., Marigold, D. S., Gabreels, F. J., and Duysens, J. Static hand posture was measured by recording the angular position of 15 joint angles of the fingers and of the thumb. J. Neurophysiol. The brain in its body: motor control and sensing in a biomechanical context. 18, 191–205. Locomotor capacities after complete and partial lesions of the spinal cord. Twelve trials of unperturbed walking were collected randomly in between the perturbation trials in order to capture any anticipatory responses. *Correspondence: Lena H. Ting, The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0535, USA. Bilateral actions of the reticulospinal tract on arm and shoulder muscles in the monkey: stimulus triggered averaging. Natl. Neuron Microstimulation Activates Muscle Synergies 586, 1239–1245. To determine similarity in muscle synergies across conditions, we compared muscle synergies extracted from reactive balance during standing and walking, as well as from reactive balance compared to unperturbed walking.

Persons with Parkinson's disease exhibit decreased neuromuscular complexity during gait.

Keywords: locomotion, posture, muscle synergy, motor control, electromyography, Citation: Chvatal SA and Ting LH (2013) Common muscle synergies for balance and walking. Modular premotor drives and unit bursts as primitives for frog motor behaviors. Pergamon, New York, Tresch MC, Cheung VC, d’Avella A (2006) Matrix factorization algorithms for the identification of muscle synergies: evaluation on simulated and experimental data sets. (2007). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. It has been demonstrated that the phasic recruitment of muscle synergies underlies variability in locomotor behaviors such as pedaling and walking (Ting et al., 1999; Ivanenko et al., 2004; Krouchev et al., 2006; Clark et al., 2010; Lacquaniti et al., 2012). We used two methods to validate the similarity of muscle synergies for reactive balance during standing and unperturbed walking. Cheung, V. C., D'Avella, A., Tresch, M. C., and Bizzi, E. (2005). Eur. A simple experimentally based model using proprioceptive regulation of motor primitives captures adjusted trajectory formation in spinal frogs. <> These variations in muscle synergy recruitment may reflect changing task demands across gait conditions. Independent and convergent signals from the pontomedullary reticular formation contribute to the control of posture and movement during reaching in the cat. The muscle synergies specific to perturbation responses during walking were recruited for medial/lateral perturbations. 7:48. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2013.00048. Rathelot, J. Neurosci. Exp.

The muscle synergies identified in standing but not walking perturbation responses were generally recruited for forward or backward perturbations. e-mail: lting@emory.edu, Front.

Shown here are erector spinae (ERSP), gluteus medius (GMED), tensor fascia lata (TFL), rectus femoris (RFEM), vastus medialis (VMED), biceps femoris (BFLH), medial gastrocnemius (MGAS), soleus (SOL), peroneus (PERO), and tibialis anterior (TA) responses. Nature 401(6755):788–791, Ting LH, Macpherson JM (2004) Ratio of shear to load ground-reaction force may underlie the directional tuning of the automatic postural response to rotation and translation. Neuron 52, 731–742. J. Neurophysiol. In perturbation responses during self-selected walking, 5.1 ± 1.2 muscle synergies (range 4–7) were sufficient to explain the same amount of variability. Reducing the size of the time bins to 10 ms during walking did not affect the number or structure of muscle synergies in prior studies (Chvatal and Ting, 2012), as well as for the current paper (not shown). J. Neurophysiol. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that a common set of muscle synergies may be recruited by parallel neural pathways governing voluntary, reactive, and automatic motor behaviors in the upper and lower limbs. J Neurophysiol 82(6):3066–3081, Torres-Oviedo G, Ting L (2007) Muscle synergies characterizing Human postural responses. Sequential activation of motor cortical neurons contributes to intralimb coordination during reaching in the cat by modulating muscle synergies. For all conditions, the activation of each muscle in each subject was normalized to the maximum activation observed during the unperturbed walking trials at the self-selected walking speed. 494(Pt 3), 863–879. 103, 844–857. Oddsson, L. I., Wall, C., McPartland, M. D., Krebs, D. E., and Tucker, C. A.

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