If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. . A guide to help users create citations using APA (American Psychological Association) style. Correct: The results were statistically significant, Incorrect: The results were statistically significant (, Incorrect: The results were statistically significant [. Example text in Guideline 2 adapted from “Men and Women Are From Earth: Examining the Latent Structure of Gender,” by B. J. Carothers and H. T. Reis, 2013, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, p. 386. For more on how these punctuation  marks are used, see Publication Manual §4.09, §4.10, and §4.47. When a mathematical equation contains one level of enclosure, use parentheses, ( ); for two levels, add brackets outside, [( )]; for three levels, add curly brackets outside, {[( )]}. If only part of a sentence is enclosed in parentheses (like this), place punctuation outside the parentheses (like this). In short, if you’re referencing an unusual item, consider using brackets to clarify. Note that one of a pair of parentheses is called a parenthesis. (In British English, the term pertains to round brackets, or what in American English are called parentheses.) Copyright © 2020 Macmillan Holdings, LLC. (Two or more instances of parenthesis might be referred to as parentheses.) (2007, December 19). Hence, we have the cooperating pair of words “preemphasis” and “deemphasis”, as well as the related words reemphasis, reemphasize, underemphasize, and overemphasize. ), Incorrect: (We also administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Steer, & Garbin, 1988), but those results are not reported here.). Lee, C. (2013, May 3,). But these are not the only possible notations. Note that you are allowed to put both partial sentences and complete sentences within parentheses. In the English of the 21st century, “deemphasis” is not hyphenated. What if you want to insert some punctuation into a quotation because you feel the existing punctuation isn’t so great?

Likewise, in Example 53 (“Map retrieved online”) brackets are included to clarify that the title element refers to a “[Demographic map].”, Brackets can also be used to indicate that the title element refers to more than one thing, as in Example 57, where “Eyelink II” refers to both the “[Apparatus and software].”. First, remember that a pair of them is called “parentheses,” whereas a single one is a “parenthesis.” You may want to review episode 222 in which we compared parentheses to dashes and commas. You must therefore ensure that the terminal punctuation mark, such as a period, question mark, or exclamation point, goes inside the closing parenthesis: “(I knew he wouldn’t want to do that. adding contextual information within quoted material “She spoke to [Smith],” where the bracketed text replaces one or more spoken words to provide clarity (in this example, replacing the vague, parenthesizing within parentheses, as in “Submit form 13F (Petition for Appeal [formerly titled Petition for Grievance]) within thirty days.” (When possible, revise sentences to avoid this type of construction.).
This is useful when you need to clarify the type of source. Make sure you have a reason for putting it in parentheses.

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